An unconscious person requires immediate assessment. While some causes are minor, unconsciousness can also signal a life-threatening emergency.
This guide explains how unconsciousness is approached in UK first aid, how to assess breathing safely, and when to call 999. It applies to homes, workplaces, schools and public settings.
The information below is general first aid guidance and does not replace professional medical treatment.
An unconscious person is unresponsive and unaware of their surroundings. They may not react to voice or gentle touch.
Unconsciousness can result from:
Because causes vary, the first priority is assessing breathing.
If there is no response, move to assessing breathing.
Look for normal breathing by:
This should take no more than 10 seconds.
If the person is breathing normally:
Placing someone on their side helps prevent airway obstruction.
If breathing is absent or abnormal:
Emergency call handlers in the UK provide clear guidance until help arrives.
| Possible cause | Associated signs | First aid priority |
|---|---|---|
| Stroke | Facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty | Call 999 immediately |
| Seizure | Jerking movements, confusion afterwards | Protect from injury, monitor breathing |
| Major bleeding | Heavy blood loss, pale skin | Apply pressure and call 999 |
| Heatstroke | High body temperature, confusion | Cool urgently and seek help |
| Head injury | Loss of consciousness after impact | Call emergency services |
Related emergency guidance is available in:
You should call 999 immediately if:
Do not delay calling emergency services.
Unconsciousness may occur suddenly in public environments. Organisations should have clear emergency procedures and ensure staff know how to contact emergency services quickly.
Planning and preparation are explained in Workplace First Aid Risk Assessment (UK).
Where unconsciousness occurs in a workplace or organised environment, the incident should be recorded in line with internal procedures.
See Accident Reporting & First Aid Records (UK) for guidance.
Unresponsiveness should always be treated seriously.
Checking responsiveness and breathing quickly allows emergency services to prioritise care. Early action can significantly affect outcomes.
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